International Law Encyclopedia 4
International Law Encyclopedia 4
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International Law Encyclopedia 4
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LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME IV
Feminism, Approach to International Law Christine Chinkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Final Act Sir Michael Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Final Clauses Shabtai Rosenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Financial Assistance Domenico da Empoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Financial Institutions, International Maurizio Ragazzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fish Stocks Kaare Bangert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Fisheries Agreements Kaare Bangert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Fisheries Case ( United Kingdom v Norway) Anja Seibert- Fohr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fisheries, Coastal Robin R Churchill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Fisheries, Commissions and Organizations David Freestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Fisheries, High Seas David Freestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Fisheries Jurisdiction Case ( Spain v Canada) Julia Pfeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases ( United Kingdom v Iceland; Federal Republic of Germany v Iceland) Peter Tomka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Fisheries, Sedentary Chie Kojima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Fishery Zones and Limits Donald R Rothwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Fishing Boats Robin R Churchill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Flag of Ships Doris Künig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Flags and Uniforms in War Dale Stephens and Tristan Skousgaard . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Flags of Convenience Doris Künig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Flags of Truce Roberta Arnold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Flegenheimer Claim Lahra Liberti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Florida, Th e Seline Trevisanut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Flying Trader, Th e Vanessa Holzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Kerstin Mechlem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Food, Right to, International Protection Kerstin Mechlem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Force majeure Simon Hentrei and Ximena Soley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Forced Labour/Slave Labour Santiago M Villalpando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Forced Population Transfer Alfred de Zayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Foreign Aid Agreements Philipp Dann and Michael Riegner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Foreign Relations Law Thomas Giegerich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Forests, International Protection Bharat H Desai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Forum non conveniens Ronald A Brand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Fourteen Points of Wilson (1918) Joachim Schwietzke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Fragmentation of International Law Joost Pauwelyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Framework Agreements Nele Matz- Lück . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Francophonie Paul Rabbat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Frankfurt Peace Treaty (1871) Theodor Schieder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Free Cities Christian Hattenhauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Free Ports Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Ulysses Moreira Formiga . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Encyclopedia_Volume4_FM.indd xii 1/16/2012 8:38:33 PM list of entries in volume iv xiii Free Trade Areas Michael Kübele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Free Zones of Upper Savoy and Gex Case Andrea Gattini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Friendly Relations Declaration (1970) Helen Keller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Frontier Dispute Case (Benin/ Niger) Jean- Pierre Cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) Peter Tomka . . . . . . . . . . 265 Gab?à kovo- Nagymaros Case ( Hungary/ Slovakia) Nico J Schrijver and Vid Prislan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Gacaca Courts Gerd Hankel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Gali? Case Daniel Heilmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Ganges River Surya P Subedi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Gay Rights Helmut Graupner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Gender- Based Crimes Christine Chinkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade (1947 and 1994) Wolfgang Benedek . . . 312 General Agreement on Trade in Services (1994) Markus Krajewski . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 General Comments/Recommendations Nisuke Ando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 General International Law (Principles, Rules, and Standards) Rüdiger Wolfrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 General Participation Clause (Clausula si omnes) Philippe Gautier . . . . . . . . . . . 368 General Principles of Law Giorgio Gaja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Genetically Modifi ed Organisms Markus Bückenfürde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Geneva Conventions I-IV (1949) Hans- Peter Gasser and Daniel Thürer . . . . . . 386 Geneva Conventions Additional Protocol I (1977) Emily Crawford . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Geneva Conventions Additional Protocol II (1977) Emily Crawford . . . . . . . . . . 401 Genocide William A Schabas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Genocide Convention, Reservations (Advisory Opinion) William A Schabas . . . . 414 Geographically Disadvantaged States Gerhard Hafner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Geostationary Orbit Stephan Hobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 German Forced Labour Compensation Programme Roland Bank and Friederike Foltz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Cases Matthias Hartwig and Ignaz Seidl- Hohenveldern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 German Minorities in Poland, Cases Concerning the Gudmundur Alfredsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia (Advisory Opinion) Ole Spiermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Germany, Occupation after World War II Bernhard Kempen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Germany- United States Peace Treaty (1921) Erik Goldstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Gibraltar Michael Waibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Gibraltar, Strait of Donald R Rothwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Global Administrative law Benedict Kingsbury and Megan Donaldson . . . . . . . . 468 Global Compact Rahmatullah Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Global Environment Facility (GEF) Rudolf Dolzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Globalization Frédéric Mégret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Goa, Confl ict RK Dixit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Good Faith (Bona fi des) Markus Kotzur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Good Governance Edith Brown Weiss and Ahila Sornarajah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Good Offi ces Ruth Lapidoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Goods, Free Circulation of Friedl Weiss and Silke Steiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Governance, Th eory of Karl- Heinz Ladeur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Encyclopedia_Volume4_FM.indd xiii 1/16/2012 8:38:33 PM xiv list of entries in volume iv Governmental Activities on Foreign Territory Alexander Orakhelashvili . . . . . . . 553 Governments Siegfried Magiera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Governments in Exile Katrin Tiroch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Gran Chaco Confl ict (1928-35) Vicente Marotta Rangel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Great Lakes, North America Fred L Morrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Great Lakes Region, Africa Hartmut Hamann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Grenada Robert J Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Grisbadarna Case Said Mahmoudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Gross and Systematic Human Rights Violations Lori Fisler Damrosch . . . . . . . . . 597 Groundwater Protection Kerstin Mechlem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Group of 77 (G77) Rahmatullah Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 Group of Eight (G8) Ina Gatzschmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Group Rights Nicola Wenzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Guantánamo, Detainees Marco Sassà ²li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 Guantánamo Naval Base Alfred de Zayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 Guardianship of Infants Convention Case Christian Maierhüfer . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Guerrilla Forces Christian Schaller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Gulf of Maine Case Dolliver Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Gut Dam Claims Said Mahmoudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 Guyana v Suriname Maritime Boundary Arbitration Alexander Aizenstatd . . . . . 654 Guyana- Venezuela Border Dispute Allan R Brewer- Carà as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Hague Academy of International Law Clemens Feinaugle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 Hague Conference on Private International Law Dieter Martiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Hague Conventions on Private International Law and on International Civil Procedure Dieter Martiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907) Betsy Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 Haile Selassie v Cable & Wireless Ltd Case Thilo Rensmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Haiti, Confl ict Julia Leininger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 Hamdan Case Russell A Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Havana Charter (1948) Giorgio Sacerdoti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 Haya de la Torre Cases Kay Hailbronner and Monika Pohlmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Hazardous Substances, Transboundary Impacts Anne Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Hazardous Wastes, Transboundary Impacts Anne Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Heads of Diplomatic Missions Nicolas Angelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Heads of Governments and Other Senior Offi cials Sir Arthur Watts QC† and Joanne Foakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 Heads of State Sir Arthur Watts QC† and Joanne Foakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Health, Right to, International Protection Eibe Riedel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Hegemony Daniel Thürer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 Heleanna Incident Stefan Oeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Heligoland Christian Hattenhauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Helsinki Final Act (1975) Sir Michael Wood and Daniel Purisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Hereros Manfred O Hinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 High Seas Tullio Treves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 High- level Panel on Th reats, Challenges and Change Hanspeter Neuhold . . . . . . 804 Hijacking Chie Kojima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 Historic Titles Andrea Gioia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 History of International Law , 1648 to 1815 Stephan Verosta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 History of International Law , 1815 to World War I Hans- Ulrich Scupin . . . . . . . 843 Encyclopedia_Volume4_FM.indd xiv 1/16/2012 8:38:33 PM list of entries in volume iv xv History of International Law, Ancient Times to 1648 Wolfgang Preiser . . . . . . . . 869 History of International Law, Basic Questions and Principles Wolfgang Preiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 History of International Law, since World War II Martti Koskenniemi . . . . . . . . . 902 History of International Law, World War I to World War II Martti Koskenniemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 Holy Alliance (1815) Diana Zacharias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Holy Places Heribert Franz Koeck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 Holy Roman Empire Diana Zacharias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 Holy See Gerd Westdickenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 Hong Kong Peter Malanczuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958 Honorary Consuls Andrea Ernst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 Hospital Ships Fabiana de Oliveira Godinho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 Host State Agreements Jochen Herbst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 Hostages Matthias Füracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 Hot Pursuit Hugo Caminos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Housing, Right to, International Protection Charles Majinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 Hovering Acts Bill Gilmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Human Dignity, International Protection Niels Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 Human Rights Thomas Buergenthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 Human Rights, Activities of International Organizations Eckart Klein . . . . . . . 1031 Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Robert Kolb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 Human Rights Commission of the Arab States Mervat Rishmawi . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053 Human Rights Committee Christian Tomuschat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058 Human Rights, Domestic Implementation Gerald Staberock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068 Human Rights Education Wolfgang Benedek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080 Human Rights, Individual Communications/Complaints Dinah Shelton . . . . . 1086 Human Rights, Remedies Dinah Shelton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097 Human Rights, Role of Non- Governmental Organizations Stephan Hobe . . . . . 1104 Human Rights, State Complaints Geir Ulfstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116 Human Rights, State Reports David Kretzmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121 Human Rights, Treaties , Extraterritorial Application and Eff ects Nicola Wenzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
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Mentioned in these Entries
Administrative law, Education, Geneva Conventions, Hague Conference on Private International Law, High Seas, History of International Law, Human Rights Committee, International Law Encyclopedia, International Organizations, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Private International Law, Treaties.