International law Encyclopedy 7
International Law Encyclopedia 7
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International Law Encyclopedia 7
See also International Law Encyclopedia.
LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME VII
Martini Case Wolfgang Weiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Marxism Bhupinder Chimni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Mass Claims Howard M Holtzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Mass Media, Infl uence on International Relations Achilles Skordas . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Mavrommatis Concessions Cases Robert Uerpmann- Wittzack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v Nicaragua Case Claudio M Grossman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 McCann Case Iain Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Medellà n v Texas Case John Henry Dingfelder Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Mediation Francisco Orrego Vicuña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Medical Transportation Heike Spieker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Mediterranean Sea Irini Papanicolopulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Mekong River Elisa Morgera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Members of the Staff of Diplomatic Missions Jean Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Memel Territory Statute, Interpretation of, Case Marcelo G Kohen . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Mercenaries Holger P Hestermeyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Merchant Ships Rainer Lagoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 MERCOSUR Jan Peter Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 MERCOSUR, Permanent Appeals Court Marianne Klumpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Methodology of International Law Martti Koskenniemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Meuse, Diversion of Water Case ( Netherlands v Belgium) Sander Meijerink . . . . 130 Micro States Thomas D Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Migrant Workers Ryszard Cholewinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Migration Dieter Kugelmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Migratory Species, International Protection Alexander Proelss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Military I (Bagosora and Others) Case Dominika Švarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua Case ( Nicaragua v United States of America) James R Crawford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Military Forces Abroad Thomas Desch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Military Government Maike Kuhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Military Necessity Yoram Dinstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Military Objectives Marco Sassà ²li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Military Reconnaissance Dale Stephens and Tristan Skousgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Military Tribunals Michael Gibson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Militias Julia Gebhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Miloševi? Trial Gideon Boas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Minimum Standards Hollin Dickerson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Minorities, European Protection Rainer Hofmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Minorities, International Protection Kristin Henrard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Minority Protection System between World War I and World War II Anna Meijknecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Minquiers and Ecrehos Case Vaughan Lowe and Antonios Tzanakopoulos . . . . . . . 277 Missile Warfare Bruno Demeyere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Missing and Dead Persons Théo Boutruche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Missionaries Diana Zacharias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Mixed Claims Commissions Rudolf Dolzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Mixed Commissions Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Danio Campanelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Mixed Courts, Other (National Courts with International Participation) Ingo Winkelmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Mixed Criminal Tribunals Cesare PR Romano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Modus Vivendi Wojciech Burek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact (1939) Dominik Zimmermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Monaco Guido Guidi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Monetary Gold Arbitration and Case Andrew J Grotto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Monetary Law, European Mads Andenas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Monetary Law, International Andreas F Lowenfeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Monetary Unions and Monetary Zones Leonie Guder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Montenegro Helmut Tuerk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Moon and Celestial Bodies Mahulena Hofmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Moratorium Sheetal Asrani and Philipp Dann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Moselle River Andrea Hamann and Hélène Ruiz Fabri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Most- Favoured- Nation Clause Meinhard Hilf and Robin Gei? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Movement, Freedom of, International Protection Eckart Klein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 MOX Plant Arbitration and Cases Robin R Churchill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Stephan W Schill . . . . . . . . 410 Multiple Nationality Peter J Spiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Mundat Forest Sigismund Buerstedde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Munich Agreement (1938) Frank Schorkopf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Muscat Dhows, Th e Dolliver Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Mutual Legal Assistance in Administrative Matters Helmut Damian . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Mutual Legal Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters Dieter Martiny . . . . . 439 Nagorny- Karabakh Andriy Y Melnyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Nahimana and Others Case Ignacio Tredici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Namibia Nele Matz- Lück . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Daniel Heilmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 National Socialism and International Law Detlev Vagts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 National Treatment, Principle Raúl Emilio Vinuesa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Nationality Oliver Dürr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Nationality Cases before International Courts and Tribunals Seline Trevisanut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Nations Armin von Bogdandy and Stefan Hau?ler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Natural Law and Justice Alexander Orakhelashvili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Natural Resources, Permanent Sovereignty over Nico J Schrijver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Nature, International Protection Kerstin Odendahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Naulilaa Arbitration ( Portugal v Germany) Julia Pfeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Naval Demonstrations and Manoeuvres Dale Stephens and Tristan Skousgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Naval Warfare Natalino Ronzitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Navigation, Freedom of Albert Hoffmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Ne bis in idem Robin Gei? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Encyclopedia_Volume7_FM.indd xiii 1/17/2012 7:09:01 PM xiv list of entries in volume vii Necessity, State of Attila Tanzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Negotiation Kari Hakapaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Negotiations, Secret Alberto L Davérède . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Neighbour States Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Danio Campanelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Nepal Surya P Subedi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 Neuilly Peace Treaty (1919) Nikolas Stürchler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 Neuilly Peace Treaty Cases Nikolas Stürchler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Neutral Nationals Ove Bring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Neutrality, Concept and General Rules Michael Bothe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Neutrality in Air Warfare Peter Hostettler and Olivia Danai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Neutrality in Land Warfare Peter Hostettler and Olivia Danai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Neutrality in Naval Warfare J Ashley Roach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Neutralization Ebrahim Afsah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Neutrals, Disarming and Internment of Belligerents Peter Hostettler . . . . . . . . 652 New Hebrides ( Vanuatu) Sue Farran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 New International Economic Order (NIEO) Giorgio Sacerdoti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Alhagi Marong . . . . . . . . . 668 New States and International Law Ram P Anand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Niger River Salman MA Salman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Nile River Omaia Elwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Non Liquet Daniel Bodansky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Non- Aligned Movement (NAM) Mohamed Bennouna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 Non- Binding Agreements Philippe Gautier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 Non- Defended Towns Jean- Marie Henckaerts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 Non- Governmental Organizations Stephan Hobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 Non- Proliferation Treaty (1968) Andrew J Grotto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Non- Recognition Jochen A Frowein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 Non- State Actors Markus Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Non- Tariff Barriers to Trade Jürg Philipp Terhechte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Nordic Co- operation Iain Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (1993) David L Markell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 North American Agreement on Labor Co- operation (1993) Armand de Mestral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) Frederick M Abbott . . . . . . . . . . . 776 North American Free Trade Agreement, Case- Law Frederick M Abbott . . . . . . . . 782 North American Free Trade Agreement, Dispute Settlement Frederick M Abbott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Thilo Marauhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases Alex G Oude Elferink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 Northern Cameroons Case Clemens Feinaugle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Northern Ireland Rainer Grote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 Northwest Passage (Canadian- American Controversy) Günther Handl . . . . . . . . 829 Norwegian Loans Case Jochen Herbst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 Norwegian Shipowners' Claims Arbitration Robert Uerpmann- Wittzack . . . . . . . 836 Nottebohm Case Oliver Dürr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 Nuclear Energy, Peaceful Uses Vitaly Fedchenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Nuclear Powered Ships Kazuhiro Nakatani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 list of entries in volume vii xv Nuclear Tests Cases Sir Arthur Watts QC† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Nuclear Waste Disposal Babette Sievers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinions Michael Bothe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Nuclear Weapons and Warfare Stefan Kadelbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Nulla poena nullum crimen sine lege Claus Kre? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Nullity in International Law Michael Reisman and Dirk Pulkowski . . . . . . . . . . . 899 Nyon Agreement (1937) Philip Kunig and Johannes van Aggelen . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Objective Regime Carlos Fernández de Casadevante Romani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 Obligations erga omnes Jochen A Frowein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 Occupation, Belligerent Eyal Benvenisti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Occupation, Military, Termination of Adam Roberts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 Occupation, Pacifi c Eyal Benvenisti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 Oder- Neisse Line Tono Eitel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 Oil Concession Disputes, Arbitration on André von Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 Oil for Food Programme Lutz Oette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 Oil Platforms Case Michael Bothe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 Okavango River George (Rock) Pring and Britta L Strother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 Ombudsperson Alberta Fabbricotti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 Opinion 1/94 Joni Heliskoski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 Opinion and Expression, Freedom of, International Protection Nicola Wenzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 Option of Nationality Yaà «l Ronen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 Optional Provision Eileen Fuchs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Orange River George (Rock) Pring and Matthew S Abosedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 Ordre Public (Public Policy) Martin Gebauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Nicola Bonucci and Gita Kothari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Energy Agency (IEA) Christiane Trüe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028 Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development, Nuclear Energy Agency Christiane Trüe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Ulrich Fastenrath and Katja Weigelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe, Court of Conciliation and Arbitration Helmut Steinberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Organization of American States (OAS) Jean- Michel Arrighi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Derek O'Brien . . . . . . . . . . . 1072 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Said Mahmoudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Lisa Moos . . . . . . 1088 Oscar Chinn Case Christian J Tams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096 Ottoman Debt Arbitration Moritz Holm- Hadulla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098 Outer Space Vladlen S Vereshchetin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Outer Space, Liability for Damage Marco Pedrazzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109 Overfl ight Jan Wouters and Bruno Demeyere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115 Overseas Territories, Australia, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States of America Gregor Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122 Ozone Layer, International Protection K Madhava Sarma, Stephen O Andersen, Durwood Zaelke, Kristen N Taddonio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
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About the Author/s and Reviewer/s
Author: international
Mentioned in these Entries
Continental Shelf, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law.